Skip to main content

How To Failed Lungs Defense Mechanism

How To Failed Lungs Defense Mechanism

The lungs are bacteria free in normal condition because presence of high defense mechanism such as-
  1.  Nasopharyngeal filtering action
  2. Mucociliary action of the lower respiratory airways
  3. The presence of alveolar macrophages and immunoglobulins. 


Failure of these defense mechanism in certain conditions and may developed pneumonia -
1. Altered consciousness : The oropharyngeal contents may be aspirated and causing unconsciousness such as in -

  • Coma
  • Cranial Trauma
  • Seizures
  • Cerebrovascular accidents
  • Drugs overdose
  • Alcoholism

2. Depressed cough and glottic reflexes : In this condition aspirated gastric contents in to the lungs such as in -

  • Old age
  • Traumatic pain or Thoracoabdominal surgery
  • Neuromuscular disease
  • Weakness due to malnutrition
  • Kyphoscoliosis
  • Severe Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Endotracheal intubation
  • Tracheostomy

3. Impaired mucociliary transport : The normal protection offered by mucus covered ciliated epithelium in the airways from the larynx to terminal bronchioles. It is impaired or destroyed in many conditions i.e.

  • Cigarette smoking
  • Viral respiratory infections
  • Immotile cilia syndrome
  • Inhalation of hot or corrosive gases
  • Old age
4. Impaired alveolar macrophage function : Alveolar macrophages function are impaired in such conditions that cause pneumonia -
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Hypoxia
  • Starvation
  • Anaemia
  • Pulmonary Oedema
  • Viral respiratory infections
5. Endobronchial obstruction : Endobronchial obstruction may cause pneumonia that may occurs in such conditions -
  • Tumour
  • Foreign body
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Chronic bronchitis
6. Immunocompromised conditions : Disorders of lymphocytes including congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies -


Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Please do not enter any spam link in the comment box

Popular posts from this blog

Histology text & Atlas by Brijesh kumar

Histology text & Atlas by Brijesh kumar Download book pdf About file:- File type - pdf File size - 26.35 MB Pages - 392 Language - English 
Post a Comment
Read more

Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's)

Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's) 20th edition CONTENTS PART-1 CLINICAL CASES 1. History Taking and Symptomatology 2. General Examination 3. Abdomen 4. Respiratory System 5. Cardiovascular System 6. Central Nervous System PART-2 TABLE-WORK 7. Medical Emergencies 8. Electrocardiography 9. Radiology 10. Instruments 11. Procedures 12. Hematology 13. Clinical Pathology 14. Pathology Specimens 15. Drugs ABOUT BOOK Name Book Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta’s) Author/ Editior (20 th edition) SP Mehta, SR Joshi, Nihar P Mehta / Dr. Hardik shah, Dr. Sunita Iyer, Dr. Nikesh Jain, Dr. Rajiv Shah. Type pdf. Size 69.47 MB Pages 630 Pages type Colored Quality (Good/average/bad) Good D ownload Now Similar Posts :- 1.  Park’s Textbook of PSM 2.  Review of Preventive and Social Medicine (Vivek Jain) 3.  Medicine (Exam P...
Post a Comment
Read more

Lysosomes

Name :- Lysosomes, garbage system of the cell, suicidal bag of the cell Properties : These are membrane bound vesicular structures founds throughout the cytoplasm. These are formed by the process of packaging in the golgi apparatus. Enzymes of lysosomes are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Among the organelles, the lysosomes have the thickest covering membrane that is formed by a bilayered lipid material . Lysosomes have 50 different hydrolytic enzymes, known as acid hydroxylases. Types of Lysosomes : Primary lysosomes, this is an inactive of form of lysosomes. Secondary lysosomes, this is an active form of lysosomes (lysosomes active during phagosome or endosome and at this time lysosomes pH become acidic and enzymes are activate). Lysosomal Enzymes :   Proteases :- which hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids. Lipases :- which hydrolyze the lipids into fatty acids and glycerides. Amylases :- which hydrolyze the polysaccharides into glucose. Nucleases :-...
Post a Comment
Read more