Cardiac Amyloidosis

Cardiac Amyloidosis: An In-Depth Analysis

Cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive and life-threatening disorder characterised by the deposition of misfolded amyloid fibrils within the myocardium. This pathological protein accumulation results in increased myocardial stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, and, ultimately, heart failure. Due to its nonspecific clinical manifestations, cardiac amyloidosis often remains undiagnosed until advanced stages, highlighting the necessity for heightened clinical awareness and improved diagnostic methodologies.

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Idiopathic Dilated or Congestive Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Guide

Idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy is a heart condition that weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. In simple terms, it’s like the heart becoming overstretched and losing its strength, making it harder for the body to receive the oxygen-rich blood it needs. Globally, idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy affects millions, with estimates suggesting it accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of heart failure. Its significance lies in its profound impact on life expectancy and quality of life. Patients with idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy often face challenges such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and even sudden cardiac arrest if left untreated. Understanding this disease is crucial for early detection and effective management.

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Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Overview

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a subtype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by abnormal thickening of the myocardium, predominantly affecting the interventricular septum. This hypertrophy can impede blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, posing significant hemodynamic challenges. HOCM is a relatively rare disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 individuals, yet its implications for cardiovascular health are profound. Understanding the condition requires a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing insights from genetics, imaging, and interventional cardiology to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management.

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Inflammation: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Evidence-Based Interventions

Inflammation constitutes a complex biological response to noxious stimuli, encompassing infection, tissue injury, and immune dysregulation. While acute inflammation is integral to tissue homeostasis and repair, persistent or dysregulated inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions. This article elucidates the multifactorial causes of inflammation, delineates its clinical presentation, and examines both natural and medical modalities for mitigating its adverse sequelae.

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Encephalitis

Synonyms

Brain Inflammation
Acute Viral Encephalitis
Infectious Encephalitis
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Cerebral Infection
Neuroinflammation

Introduction and Definition

Encephalitis is a severe, often life-threatening, inflammatory condition of the brain, typically resulting from viral infections, autoimmune reactions, or, in rarer cases, bacterial and fungal pathogens. The pathological hallmark of encephalitis is extensive neuroinflammation leading to neuronal dysfunction, cerebral edema, and, in severe cases, irreversible neurological sequelae. Given the heterogeneity in etiology and clinical presentation, accurate and timely diagnosis is imperative to optimize therapeutic interventions and reduce morbidity and mortality.

Jaundice

Also known as Icterus, Hyperbilirubinemia, Yellow discoloration syndrome, Bilirubin metabolic disorder, Peeliya (local term)

Introduction

Jaundice is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes due to elevated serum bilirubin levels exceeding 2 to 3 mg/dL. Bilirubin, a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, is formed during the catabolism of heme derived from senescent erythrocytes. The condition signals an underlying disorder in bilirubin metabolism, transport, or excretion, often linked to pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic etiologies.

Gastritis

Also known as Stomach inflammation, Gastric mucosal inflammation, Gastric irritation. Gastritis refers to the inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the gastric mucosa (the lining of the stomach). It can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually over time (chronic gastritis). The condition may be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, or autoimmune disorders.

Body Fluids

Body fluids are essential for maintaining physiological balance and enabling various biochemical processes within the body. These fluids exist within cells, surrounding tissues, and in specialized compartments, playing a critical role in transportation, lubrication, temperature regulation, and waste elimination.

Definition

A mass of tissue formed as a result of abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous, and purposeless proliferation of cells even after removal of stimulus.

Neoplasm is a term while neoplasia is a process.
Tumour have two components, one is parenchyma (neoplastic cell) and second is stroma (supporting cells and vessels).

Liver

Liver is the largest internal organ of the body.
Liver is the largest exocrine gland of the body.
Liver is the main heat producing organ of the body.
1500 ml/min blood pass-out from the liver.
400 ml blood always present in the liver.
Chief cells of the liver are called hepatocyte which forms 80% mass of the liver.

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