Endomyocardial Fibrosis

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare but serious form of restrictive cardiomyopathy that primarily affects the endocardium and the innermost layer of the myocardium. It is characterised by progressive fibrosis—an excessive deposition of connective tissue—in one or both ventricles of the heart. This leads to a stiffening of the ventricular walls, impaired ventricular filling during diastole, and eventually congestive heart failure. Endomyocardial fibrosis predominantly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South America. Most commonly, it affects children and young adults, often resulting in chronic cardiac morbidity. While uncommon in developed countries, EMF continues to impose a considerable public health burden in endemic areas due to limitations in diagnostic infrastructure, low awareness, and insufficient access to therapeutic interventions.

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Endocardial Fibroelastosis

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening cardiac condition that predominantly affects neonates and infants. It is defined by abnormal proliferation of fibrous and elastic connective tissue within the endocardium, primarily of the left ventricle, resulting in a thickened, less compliant myocardial lining. This histological alteration adversely impacts myocardial relaxation and contraction, culminating in compromised systolic and diastolic function. EFE may exist as an isolated idiopathic disorder or as a sequela of congenital cardiac anomalies. Prompt recognition and management are imperative to mitigate the risk of irreversible heart failure and mortality. This article presents a detailed exposition of EFE, encompassing its aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic approaches across medical systems, epidemiological patterns, recent research developments, and illustrative case reports.

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Cardiac Amyloidosis

Cardiac Amyloidosis: An In-Depth Analysis

Cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive and life-threatening disorder characterised by the deposition of misfolded amyloid fibrils within the myocardium. This pathological protein accumulation results in increased myocardial stiffness, diastolic dysfunction, and, ultimately, heart failure. Due to its nonspecific clinical manifestations, cardiac amyloidosis often remains undiagnosed until advanced stages, highlighting the necessity for heightened clinical awareness and improved diagnostic methodologies.

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Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Idiopathic Dilated or Congestive Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Guide

Idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy is a heart condition that weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. In simple terms, it’s like the heart becoming overstretched and losing its strength, making it harder for the body to receive the oxygen-rich blood it needs. Globally, idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy affects millions, with estimates suggesting it accounts for approximately 25% of all cases of heart failure. Its significance lies in its profound impact on life expectancy and quality of life. Patients with idiopathic dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy often face challenges such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and even sudden cardiac arrest if left untreated. Understanding this disease is crucial for early detection and effective management.

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Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

 

Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Overview

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a subtype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by abnormal thickening of the myocardium, predominantly affecting the interventricular septum. This hypertrophy can impede blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, posing significant hemodynamic challenges. HOCM is a relatively rare disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 individuals, yet its implications for cardiovascular health are profound. Understanding the condition requires a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing insights from genetics, imaging, and interventional cardiology to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management.

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