Dysentery

-

Dysenteries

Definition : Diarrhoea with abdominal cramps, tenesmus and mucus in the stool called dysentery.

CLASSIFICATION 
  1. Bacillary dysentery
  2. Amoebic dysentery



1. BACILLARY DYSENTERY : It is the infection of Shigella species (S. dysenteriae, S. flexnery, S. boydii and S. sonnei).

Etiopathogenesis : Infection of the shigella species occurs by faeco-oral route with contaminated food and water. Infection is seen commonly in poor personal hygiene persons and overcrowding areas. The housefly play a major role in spread the infection.


MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

Grossly : 
  • The lesions are mainly found in the colon sometime in the ilium.
  • Superficial transverse ulcerations of mucosa of the bowel wall occurs in the region of lymphoid follicles and perforation maybe seen.
  • The intervening mucosa is hyperaemic and oedematous.
  • All of these recover completely after acute attack.
Microscopically : 
  • Mucosa of the lymphoid follicles are necrosed.
  • The surrounding mucosa shows congestion, oedema and infiltration by neutrophils and lymphocytes.
  • The mucosa may be covered by greyish-yellow pseudomembrane consists of fibrinosuppurative exudate.
Trophozoites, aasgaduli, Aas_study, aasstudy, Entamoeba
Trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica

COMPLICATIONS 
  1. Haemorrhage.
  2. Perforation.
  3. Stenosis.
  4. Poly-arthritis.
  5. Iridocyclitis (inflammation of the iris).


2. AMOEBIC DYSENTERY : It is the infection of Entamoeba Histolytica.

Etiopathogenesis : It is most common in the tropical countries and primarily affects the large intestine. Infection occurs from ingestion of cysts in the form of parasite. The cyst wall is broken in the small intestine from where these free amoeba pass into the large intestine. Here, amoeba invade the epithelium of the mucosa to submucosa and produce ulcers.

Ulcers, aasstudy, aasgaduli, Aas_study,
Amoebic ulcers in large intestine


MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

Grossly : 
  • In early stage - Intestinal lesions appears on the elevated mucosal surface.
  • In advance cases - Seen, typical flask-shaped ulcers having narrow neck and broad base. They are more commonly found in caecum, rectum and flexures.
Microscopically : 
  • Ulcerated area shows chronic inflammatory reaction consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages.
  • Trophozoites of entamoeba are seen in the inflammatory exudate.
  • Intestinal amoebae have ingested red cells and their cytoplasm.
  • Oedema and vascular congestion also found in the surrounding area of ulcer. 

COMPLICATIONS
  1. Amoebic hepatitis or amoebic liver abscess.
  2. Perforation.
  3. Haemorrhage.
  4. Formation of amoeboma ( tumour like mass).





Related Posts - 
Location:India India

Comments

Post a Comment

Please do not enter any spam link in the comment box

Popular posts from this blog

Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's)

-
Image
Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's) 20th edition CONTENTS PART-1 CLINICAL CASES 1. History Taking and Symptomatology 2. General Examination 3. Abdomen 4. Respiratory System 5. Cardiovascular System 6. Central Nervous System PART-2 TABLE-WORK 7. Medical Emergencies 8. Electrocardiography 9. Radiology 10. Instruments 11. Procedures 12. Hematology 13. Clinical Pathology 14. Pathology Specimens 15. Drugs ABOUT BOOK Name Book Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta’s) Author/ Editior (20 th edition) SP Mehta, SR Joshi, Nihar P Mehta / Dr. Hardik shah, Dr. Sunita Iyer, Dr. Nikesh Jain, Dr. Rajiv Shah. Type pdf. Size 69.47 MB Pages 630 Pages type Colored Quality (Good/average/bad) Good D ownload Now Similar Posts :- 1.  Park’s Textbook of PSM 2.  Review of Preventive and Social Medicine (Vivek Jain) 3.  Medicine (Exam Preparatory
Read more

Clavicle

-
Image
Clavicle  Synonames Collar bone, Beauty bone. Anatomical position It extends laterally and horizontally at the root of the neck Side Determination  1. Flattend end laterally. 2. Medial two-third of clavicle is convex anteriorly. 3. Rough area on the lateral side faces inferiorly. Special Features  It is only long bone which lies horizontally. It has no medullary cavity (Bone marrow). It is the first bone to ossifies in the body ( second bone to ossifies Mandible). Almost whole clavicle visible through skin can be palpable. It has the only long bone which has two primary center of ossification. It has only long bone which ossifies in membrane. General features of right clavicle (a) Superior aspect (b) Inferior aspect Features It has 2 ends (Medial or Sternal, Lateral or Acromial end) and a shaft. Lateral end  It is flattend from above downwards. It articulate with the acromian process of scapula to form acromioclavicular join
Read more

Lysosomes

-
Image
Name :- Lysosomes, garbage system of the cell, suicidal bag of the cell Properties : These are membrane bound vesicular structures founds throughout the cytoplasm. These are formed by the process of packaging in the golgi apparatus. Enzymes of lysosomes are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Among the organelles, the lysosomes have the thickest covering membrane that is formed by a bilayered lipid material . Lysosomes have 50 different hydrolytic enzymes, known as acid hydroxylases. Types of Lysosomes : Primary lysosomes, this is an inactive of form of lysosomes. Secondary lysosomes, this is an active form of lysosomes (lysosomes active during phagosome or endosome and at this time lysosomes pH become acidic and enzymes are activate). Lysosomal Enzymes :   Proteases :- which hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids. Lipases :- which hydrolyze the lipids into fatty acids and glycerides. Amylases :- which hydrolyze the polysaccharides into glucose. Nucleases :- whi
Read more

Textbook of Pathology (Harsh Mohan ) 7th edition

-
Image
Textbook of PATHOLOGY by Harsh Mohan 7th edition CONTENTS Section  I : GENERAL PATHOLOGY Introduction to Pathology Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptation and Cellular Ageing Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics Inflammation and Healing Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Neoplasia Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Section   II : HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUE Introduction to Haematopoietic System and Disorders of Erythroid Series Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and Basic Transfusion Medicine Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissue Section  III : SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY The blood vessels and lymphatics The Heart The Respiratory System The Eye, ENT and Neck The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands The Gastrointestinal Tract The Liver, Billiary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract The Male Reproductive System and Prostate Th
Read more

Femur

-
Image
Femur The femur is a latin word it means thigh. Femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body. Femur has 27% length of total body length. Weight of femur is about 380gm in males and 279gm in females. Quantity of femur are two in number. Side Determination 1. Head directed medially. 2. Medial and lateral condyle (lower end) inferiorly. 3. Cylindrical shaft is convex forward. Joint Formation  1. Hip joint - between head of femur and acetabulum of Hip bone . 2. Knee joint - between lower end of femur and upper end of Tibia. Features  It has upper end, lower end and shaft. Right femur anterior aspect Upper end It has head, neck, greater trochanter ( Greek- runner), lesser trochanter, intertrochantric line and intertrochantric crest. Head -  It forms more than half a sphere and is directed madially, upwards and slightly forwards. It articulates with the acetabulum to form hip joint. It has a pit that is called fovea.
Read more

Pneumonia

-
Image
Pneumonias  Definition :  It is an acute inflammation of lungs parenchyma with consolidation distal to terminal bronchioles ( consisting of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli ).It may be infective and non-infective. Pathogenesis :  Microorganism can enter into the lungs by following route after  failure of defensive mechanism  - i. Inhalation of air microbes. ii. Aspiration of the microbes from the nasopharynx or oropharynx. iii. Haematogenous spread from a distant focus of infection such as - vector population, environmental characteristics. iv. Direct spread from a adjoining site of infection. Classification : 1. On the basis of anatomical regions - Lobar Pneumonia Bronchopneumonia or Lobular Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia Features of lobar and lobular pneumonia 2. On the basis of clinical aspects - Community-acquire Pneumonia Health care-associated Pneumonia (Hospital acquired Pneumonia) Ventilator-associated Pneu
Read more