Influenza

-

Influenza / Bird flue / Swine flue

Definition : It is an acute highly infectious viral disease caused by influenza virus A, B and C. Characterised by high grade fever associated with malaise, headache, chills, sneezing, coryza etc.


AGENT FACTORS
Agent : Influenza virus A, B & C ( arthomyxoviridae family), antigenically different, no cross immunity. Type A & B viruses has antigen (Haemagulutinin and Neuraminidase)
Haemagulutinin (H antigen) - have 16 subtypes H1, H2, H3….H16. It provide attachment of the virus to susceptible host.
Neuraiminidase ( N antigen) - have 9 subtypes N1, N2, N3….N9. It is responsible for the release of the virus from the infected cells

Source Of Infection : Case - Clinical and Subclinical.
Infective Materials : Nasopharyngeal secretion.
Period Of Communicability : 1-2 days before & 1-2 days after the appearance of symptoms.


HOST FACTORS
Age : All ages are susceptible.
Sex : Equal effects on both sexes.
Mortality Rate : is high before 18 month and after 60 years of age.
Immunity : Develops after one week of infection and remains up to maximum 1 year.


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Season : Winter season is favorable.
Area : Increase attack rate in overcrowding area.

Incubation Period : 18-72 hrs.

Mode Of Transmission : Direct droplet & Droplet nuclei.



CLINICAL FEATURES
  1. Sudden onset of high grade fever with rigor and chills.
  2. Malaise, arthralgia and myalgia.
  3. Sneezing.
  4. Running nose.
  5. Lacrymation.
  6. Conjunctivitis.
  7. Cough.
In severe condition - 
  1. Respiratory rate increase
  2. Shortness of breath.
  3. Chest pain
  4. Dyspnoea (respiratory failure even death).

COMPLICATIONS
  1. Involvement of lower respiratory system.
  2. Pneumonia 
  3. Respiratory rate increased
  4. Chest in-drawing.
  5. Cyanosis.
  6. Respiratory failure
  7. Death.

PREVENTION & CONTROL
  1. Vaccination - Live attenuated vaccine (nasal spray), Killed vaccine, Split virus vaccine and Neuraminidase specific vaccine (duration of vaccine is maximum 6 month.
  2. Diagnosis - Isolation of virus from nasopharyngeal secretion by ELISA. Paired sera (check Ig level).
  3. Treatment - Neuraminidase inhibitors i.e. Oseltamivir (temiflue / flueviral ) 100 mg BD x 5 days and Zanamivir.

CLINICAL CATEGORIZATION OF FLUE PATIENT

Category -A
  1. Upper respiratory tract infection.
  2. Symptomatic treatment
Category - B
  1. Lower respiratory tract infection with expectoration
  2. Test to be done
  3. Antiviral to be given
  4. No need of administration
Category - C
  1. Respiratory failure
  2. Admit in ICU with ventilator and oxygen
  3. Dyspnoea
  4. Test to be done
  5. Antiviral to be given



Similar Posts - 
Location:India India

Comments

Post a Comment

Please do not enter any spam link in the comment box

Popular posts from this blog

Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's)

-
Image
Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta's) 20th edition CONTENTS PART-1 CLINICAL CASES 1. History Taking and Symptomatology 2. General Examination 3. Abdomen 4. Respiratory System 5. Cardiovascular System 6. Central Nervous System PART-2 TABLE-WORK 7. Medical Emergencies 8. Electrocardiography 9. Radiology 10. Instruments 11. Procedures 12. Hematology 13. Clinical Pathology 14. Pathology Specimens 15. Drugs ABOUT BOOK Name Book Practical Medicine (P. J. Mehta’s) Author/ Editior (20 th edition) SP Mehta, SR Joshi, Nihar P Mehta / Dr. Hardik shah, Dr. Sunita Iyer, Dr. Nikesh Jain, Dr. Rajiv Shah. Type pdf. Size 69.47 MB Pages 630 Pages type Colored Quality (Good/average/bad) Good D ownload Now Similar Posts :- 1.  Park’s Textbook of PSM 2.  Review of Preventive and Social Medicine (Vivek Jain) 3.  Medicine (Exam Preparatory
Read more

Clavicle

-
Image
Clavicle  Synonames Collar bone, Beauty bone. Anatomical position It extends laterally and horizontally at the root of the neck Side Determination  1. Flattend end laterally. 2. Medial two-third of clavicle is convex anteriorly. 3. Rough area on the lateral side faces inferiorly. Special Features  It is only long bone which lies horizontally. It has no medullary cavity (Bone marrow). It is the first bone to ossifies in the body ( second bone to ossifies Mandible). Almost whole clavicle visible through skin can be palpable. It has the only long bone which has two primary center of ossification. It has only long bone which ossifies in membrane. General features of right clavicle (a) Superior aspect (b) Inferior aspect Features It has 2 ends (Medial or Sternal, Lateral or Acromial end) and a shaft. Lateral end  It is flattend from above downwards. It articulate with the acromian process of scapula to form acromioclavicular join
Read more

Lysosomes

-
Image
Name :- Lysosomes, garbage system of the cell, suicidal bag of the cell Properties : These are membrane bound vesicular structures founds throughout the cytoplasm. These are formed by the process of packaging in the golgi apparatus. Enzymes of lysosomes are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Among the organelles, the lysosomes have the thickest covering membrane that is formed by a bilayered lipid material . Lysosomes have 50 different hydrolytic enzymes, known as acid hydroxylases. Types of Lysosomes : Primary lysosomes, this is an inactive of form of lysosomes. Secondary lysosomes, this is an active form of lysosomes (lysosomes active during phagosome or endosome and at this time lysosomes pH become acidic and enzymes are activate). Lysosomal Enzymes :   Proteases :- which hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids. Lipases :- which hydrolyze the lipids into fatty acids and glycerides. Amylases :- which hydrolyze the polysaccharides into glucose. Nucleases :- whi
Read more

Textbook of Pathology (Harsh Mohan ) 7th edition

-
Image
Textbook of PATHOLOGY by Harsh Mohan 7th edition CONTENTS Section  I : GENERAL PATHOLOGY Introduction to Pathology Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptation and Cellular Ageing Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics Inflammation and Healing Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Neoplasia Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Section   II : HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUE Introduction to Haematopoietic System and Disorders of Erythroid Series Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and Basic Transfusion Medicine Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissue Section  III : SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY The blood vessels and lymphatics The Heart The Respiratory System The Eye, ENT and Neck The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands The Gastrointestinal Tract The Liver, Billiary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract The Male Reproductive System and Prostate Th
Read more

Femur

-
Image
Femur The femur is a latin word it means thigh. Femur is the longest and strongest bone of the body. Femur has 27% length of total body length. Weight of femur is about 380gm in males and 279gm in females. Quantity of femur are two in number. Side Determination 1. Head directed medially. 2. Medial and lateral condyle (lower end) inferiorly. 3. Cylindrical shaft is convex forward. Joint Formation  1. Hip joint - between head of femur and acetabulum of Hip bone . 2. Knee joint - between lower end of femur and upper end of Tibia. Features  It has upper end, lower end and shaft. Right femur anterior aspect Upper end It has head, neck, greater trochanter ( Greek- runner), lesser trochanter, intertrochantric line and intertrochantric crest. Head -  It forms more than half a sphere and is directed madially, upwards and slightly forwards. It articulates with the acetabulum to form hip joint. It has a pit that is called fovea.
Read more

Pneumonia

-
Image
Pneumonias  Definition :  It is an acute inflammation of lungs parenchyma with consolidation distal to terminal bronchioles ( consisting of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli ).It may be infective and non-infective. Pathogenesis :  Microorganism can enter into the lungs by following route after  failure of defensive mechanism  - i. Inhalation of air microbes. ii. Aspiration of the microbes from the nasopharynx or oropharynx. iii. Haematogenous spread from a distant focus of infection such as - vector population, environmental characteristics. iv. Direct spread from a adjoining site of infection. Classification : 1. On the basis of anatomical regions - Lobar Pneumonia Bronchopneumonia or Lobular Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia Features of lobar and lobular pneumonia 2. On the basis of clinical aspects - Community-acquire Pneumonia Health care-associated Pneumonia (Hospital acquired Pneumonia) Ventilator-associated Pneu
Read more