Hyperplasia

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Definition – Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of parenchymal cells resulting in enlargement of the organ or tissue. Quite often, both hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together.
Causes – It may be physiological or pathological…
PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA –
                  1. Hormonal hyperplasia, it occurs due hormonal stimulation.
a.       Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty, during pregnancy and lactation.
b.      Hyperplasia of pregnant uterus.
c.       Proliferative activity of normal endometrium after a normal menstrual cycle.
d.      Prostatic hyperplasia in old age.
2. Compensatory hyperplasia i.e. it occurs due to removal of part of an organ or in the contralateral organ in paired organ e.g.
a.       Regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy.
b.      Regeneration of epidermis after skin abrasion.
c.       Hyperplasia of nephrons after another nephrectomy.
PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA – It is occurs due to excessive stimulation of hormones or growth factors e.g.
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia due to excess oestrogen.
  2. In wound healing, there is formation of granulation tissue due to proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
  3. Formation of skin warts from hyperplasia of epidermis due to human papilloma virus.
  4. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of the skin occurring at the margin of a non-healing ulcer.
  5. Intraductal epithelial hyperplasia in fibrocystic change in the breast.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES –There is enlargement of the affected organ or tissue and increase in the number of cells due to increase DNA synthesis resulting in increase mitoses of the cells.
“Hyperplasia occurs in labile cells (epithelial cells of the skin, mucous membrane, lymph nodes, cells of bone marrow), stable cells (parenchymal cells of the liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid) while hyperplasia does not occurs in permanent cells (neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscles)”

cellular adaptation, pathology
Adaptive Disorders







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