Aas_Study

Diabetes Mellitus Definition : Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by chronic hyperglycemia associated with disturbance of carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism. CLASSIFICATION  1. Type I diabetes mellitus (10 %) : earlier called - Insulin dependent or Juvenile-onset diabetes. Type I A diabetes mellitus : Immune mediated Type I B diabetes mellitus : Idiopathic causes 2. Type II diabetes mellitus ( 80 % ) : earlier called - Non-insulin dependent or maturity onset diabetes. 3. Gestational  or pregnancy induced diabetes mellitus (4 % ) 4. Other specific type s of diabetes (10 % ) - Genetic defect of β-cell function due to mutations in various enzymes. earlier called maturity onset of the young ( hepatocyte nuclear transcription factor, glucokinase). Genetic defect in insulin action ( type A insulin resistance). Disease of exocrine pancreas (chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumours and post-pancreatectomy). Endocrinopathies (acro

Endocarditis Definition  : Inflammatory involvement of endocardium of the heart is called endocarditis it may be valvular endocarditis and mural endocarditis. Classification of Endocarditis – A. Non-Infective 1.  Rheumatic endocarditis. 2.  Non-rheumatic endocarditis - a)  Atypical verrucous (Libman-Sacks) endocarditis. b)  Non-bacterial thrombotic (cachectic, marantic) endocarditis. B. Infective 1.  Bacterial endocarditis. 2.  Other infective types i.e. tuberculous, syphilitic, fungal, viral and rickettsial. Infective Endocarditis (vegetations on the valve) 1. RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS  – Endocardial lesions of rheumatic fever may involve the valve called rheumatic valvulitis and may involve the mural endocardium called mural endocarditis. 2. NON-RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS – a) Atypical verrucous (Libman-Sacks) endocarditis  – Libman and Sacks, two American physicians, described a form of endocarditis in 1924 that is characterized by sterile, granular,